For the first time, labs around the world can 3-D print their own precision microscopes to analyse samples and detect diseases, thanks to an open-source design created at the University of Bath.

The OpenFlexure Microscope, described inBiomedical Optics Express, is a fully automated, laboratory-grade instrument with motorised sample positioning and focus control. It is unique among 3-D-printed microscopes in its ability to yield high-quality images. It has been designed to be easy to use, with an intuitive software interface and simplified alignment procedures. It is also highly customisable, meaning it can be adapted for laboratory, school and home use.

Best of all, the Bath design is a lot more affordable than a commercialmicroscope, both in terms of the upfront cost and the maintenance costs of the equipment. A commercial microscope intended for lab use can sell for tens of thousands of pounds. An OpenFlexure microscope can be constructed for as little as ￡15 or US$18 (this would cover the cost of the printed plastic, a camera and some fastening hardware). A top-end version would cost a couple of hundred pounds to produce, and would include a microscope objective and an embedded Raspberry Pi computer.

Dr. Joel Collins, co-creator of the microscope and physics researcher at the University of Bath, said, "We want these microscopes to be used around the world—in schools, in research laboratories, in clinics and in people's homes if they want a microscope just to play with. You need to be able to pick it up and use it straight away. You also need it to be affordable."

To date, over 100 OpenFlexure microscopes have been printed in Tanzania and Kenya, demonstrating the viability of a complex piece of hardware being conceptualised in one part of the world and manufactured elsewhere.

Co-creator Dr. Richard Bowman said, "Our Tanzanian partners, STICLab, have modified the design to better suit theirlocal market, demonstrating another key strength of open source hardware—the ability to customise, improve, and take ownership of a product."

Covid-19 And 3-D Printed Medical Devices

There has been a surge of interest in 3-D printers since the onset of the pandemic, with many projects springing up around the world to develop low-cost, open-source 3-D ventilators—or ventilator parts—to address the global shortage.

However, a piece of medical hardware requires years of detailed safety checks before it can be trusted for medical or laboratory use—the OpenFlexure Microscope project, for instance, has taken five years to complete. The Bath team believes it is highly unlikely that a new ventilator will be designed and approved during the course of this pandemic. They say it is much more likely that modifications of existing designs will be chosen by health authorities, where this is an option.

Dr. Bowman, who has been working on the OpenFlexure project since its inception, first from the University of Cambridge and then from the Department of Physics at Bath, said, "Building a safety-critical medical device like a ventilator takes years for an organisation with hundreds of experienced engineers and an established quality management system. Making a ventilator that works in a few weeks is an impressive achievement, but ensuring it complies with even the relaxed, emergency version of the rules takes a lot longer than creating the initial design. Demonstrating to a regulator that the design and the manufacturing process meet all the requirements will be even harder."

He added, "The flip side is that the medical device industry is very conservatively regulated, and it would be a good thing if all of this new attention (in 3-D printed hardware) means there's some rethinking done about how we can uphold high safety standards but make it easier to build something if you're not a mega corporation."